ГДЗ по Английскому Языку 10 Класс Модуль 8 Across the curriculum Номер 4 Ваулина — Подробные Ответы

Задайте и ответьте на вопросы, основанные на тексте.

A: Can you explain what heat is?
B: Heat is the transfer of energy from a warmer object to a cooler one.

A: How would you define temperature?
B: Temperature is the scale that tells us how hot or cold something is based on the motion of its particles.

A: How do we measure heat and temperature?
B: Heat is measured in joules, while temperature is typically measured in degrees, depending on the scale used, like Celsius or Fahrenheit.

Heat is a form of energy that flows from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature. This energy transfer occurs naturally, as energy always moves from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration until thermal equilibrium is reached, meaning the temperatures of both objects become the same. Heat is not something that an object «has»; instead, it is something that moves from one object to another. For example, if you place a hot cup of coffee on a cool table, heat will transfer from the coffee to the table, warming the table in the process. This flow of heat can be measured in joules, which is the standard unit for energy.

What is temperature?
Temperature refers to the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or environment, which reflects the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up the substance. Essentially, temperature is a way to measure how fast the atoms or molecules of a material are moving: the faster they move, the higher the temperature. In simpler terms, temperature is a measure of the internal energy of a system due to the random motion of its particles. Unlike heat, temperature does not depend on the amount of substance, only on the speed at which the particles are moving. Temperature is typically measured using scales such as Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (K), with each scale having its own reference points, like the freezing and boiling points of water.

How are heat and temperature measured?
To measure heat, the most common unit used is the joule (J), which is a standard unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). Heat is often measured in the context of specific heat capacity, which refers to the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius. Depending on the situation, heat can also be measured in calories or British thermal units (BTUs), but joules are the most widely accepted unit for energy.

Temperature, on the other hand, is measured in degrees. The specific scale used depends on the region or application:

The Celsius scale (°C) is commonly used around the world, where water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.

The Fahrenheit scale (°F) is primarily used in the United States, where water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F.

The Kelvin scale (K) is used in scientific contexts, particularly in physics and chemistry. It begins at absolute zero (0 K), the theoretical temperature where all particle motion stops.

For everyday measurements, thermometers are used to measure temperature, while calorimeters and other devices are used to measure heat. The units of measurement ensure that both concepts can be quantified, enabling scientists, engineers, and even everyday people to monitor temperature changes and energy flow accurately.